Most North American urban centres have a history of deindustrialization; as companies gradually moved manufacturing sites away from central cities, they left behind “brownfields’ - sites where heavy industrial use has left a legacy of soil and groundwater contamination. These contaminated sites, usually located in city centres or along waterfronts, can create holes in cities, where otherwise prime real estate is left vacant as a result of previous uses. Ontario’s urban centres are no different from other North American urban centres in this regard.

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